Important Links:

GA Poison Control Center

Herbarium at UGA

Georgia Museum of Natural History

Poisonous Plants in the Landscape - this is a link to a publication from the Cooperative Extension Service and the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Georgia County Extension Agents -this link takes you to a site where you can locate Georgia extension agents by county

Credits:

The following is a detailed list of sources used to create this website.

Photo Credits: Many thanks to Dr. Wilbur Duncan, Lisa Kruse, Dr. Wendy Zomlefer, and Dr. Claudio Barros for allowing me to use their photos in this site.

Glossary Credits: The glossary was created by compiling definitions from several sources including:

Guide to Flowering Plant Families by Wendy B. Zomlefer
Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary by Harris and Woolf Harris
Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas by Radford, Ahles, and Bell

Scientific Literature Credits: The taxonomic, medical, and veterinary information found on this site was compiled from the following books and journal articles:

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3. Avenel-Audran, M., B. Hausen, and J. le Sellin, Allergic contact dermatitis from hydrangea - is it so rare? Contact dermatitis, 2000. 43: p. 189-191.

4. Baer, H., Allergic Contact Dermatitis From Plants, in Handbook of Natural Toxins, R. Keeler and A. Tu, Editors. 1983, Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York. p. 421-442.

5. Baker, D., R. Keeler, and W. Gaffield, Toxicosis from steroidal alkaloids of Solanum species, in Handbook of Natural Toxins: Toxicology of plant and fungal compounds, R. Keeler and A. Tu, Editors. 1991, Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York. p. 71-82.

6. Ballentine, C., et al., Pretty but poisonous. FDA Consumer, 1985. 19: p. 41.

7. Balucani, M. and D. Zellers, Podophyllum resin poisoning with complete recovery. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1964. 189(8): p. 639-640.

8. Bania, T., et al., Accidental Indian Hemp (Apocyneacea cannabinum) Cardiac Glycoside Toxicity (Abstract). Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1993. 35(4): p. 328.

9. Barnea, A., J. Harborne, and C. Pannell, What parts of fleshy fruits contain secondary compounds toxic to birds and why. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1993. 21(4): p. 421-429.

10. Basden, K. and R. Dalvi, Determination of total phenolics in acorns from different species of oak trees in conjunction with acorn poisoning in cattle. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1987. 29(4): p. 305-306.

11. Basson, P., et al., Albizia poisoning: report of the first outbreak and some experimental work in South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association, 1970. 41(2): p. 117-130.

12. Beier, R. and J. Norman, The toxic factor in white snakeroot: identity, analysis, and prevention (abstract). Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1990. 32(Supplement): p. 81-8.

13. Beier, R., et al., Microsomal activation of constituents of white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum Houtt) to form toxic products. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1987. 48(4): p. 583-585.

14. Beier, R., et al., Isolation of the major component in white snakeroot that is toxic after microsomal activation: possible explanation of sporadic toxicity of white snakeroot plants and extracts. Natural Toxins, 1993. 1: p. 286-293.

15. Blaw, M.E., et al., Poisoning with Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens L. Ait). The Journal of Pediatrics, 1979. 94: p. 998-1001.

16. Blum, L. and F. Rieders, Oleandrin distribution in a fatality from rectal and oral Nerium oleander extract administration. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 1987. 11: p. 219-221.

17. Borys, D., et al., The clinical effects of Solanum dulcamara in pediatric patients (Abstract). Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1992. 34(4): p. 351.

18. Bradley, G., et al., Neuroaxonal degeneration in sheep grazing Sorghum pastures. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 1995. 7: p. 229-236.

19. Breeze, R., et al., Perilla ketone toxicity: a chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1984. 16(3): p. 180-184.

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26. Canal, C., et al., Podophyllotoxin. Phytochemistry, 2000. 54: p. 115-120.

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28. Casteel, S., et al., Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) poisoning in cattle. Journal of the AMerican Veterinary Medical Association, 1994. 204(7): p. 1068-1070.

29. Ceha, L., et al., Anticholinergic toxicity from nightshade berry poisoning responsive to physostigmine. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1997. 15(1): p. 65-69.

30. Challoner, K.R. and M.M. McCarron, Castor Bean Intoxication. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1990. 19: p. 1177-1183.

31. Chan, T., Aconitine Poisoning: A Global Perspective. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1994. 36(4): p. 326-328.

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34. Costanza, D. and V. Hoverstein, Accidental Ingestion of Water Hemlock. The Western Journal of Medicine, 1973. 119(2): p. 78-82.

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36. Craigmill, A., D. Crosby, and W. Kilgore, The transfer of teratogenic lupine alkaloids to human beings through milk (Abstract). Journal of the AMerican Veterinary Medical Association, 1983. 183(3): p. 351.

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38. Dickie, C., et al., Oxalate (Rumex venosus) poisoning in cattle. Journal of the AMerican Veterinary Medical Association, 1978. 173(1): p. 73-74.

39. Divers, T., L. George, and J. George, Hemolytic anemia in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves. Journal of the AMerican Veterinary Medical Association, 1982. 180(3): p. 300-302.

40. Dollahite, J. and T. Allen, Poisoning of cattle, sheep, and goats with Lobezla and Centaurium species. The Southwestern Veterinarian, 1962. 15: p. 126-132.

41. Dollahite, J., W. Hardy, and J. Henson, Toxicity of Helenium microcephalum (Smallhead Sneezeweed). Journal of the AMerican Veterinary Medical Association, 1964. 145(7): p. 694-697.

42. Dollahite, J., et al., Toxicity of Helenium amarum (Bitter sneezeweed) to Sheep. The Southwestern Veterinarian, 1972. 26: p. 135-137.

43. Duckworth, R., Poisoning of cattle by amaranthus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1975. 23: p. 154-155.

44. Duffy, D., Land of Milk and Poison. Natural History, 1990. 7: p. 4-8.

45. Edgerton, P.H., Symptoms of digitalis-like toxicity in a family after accidental ingestion of lily of the valley plant. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 1989. 15(3): p. 220-223.

46. Evans, K. and J. Cook, Japanese Yew Poisoning in a Dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 1991. 27: p. 300-302.

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48. Farre, M., et al., Fatal oxalic acid poisoning from sorrel soup. Lancet, 1989. 2: p. 1527.

49. Faz, E., C. Goicochea, and M. Ruano, Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in heifers. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1998. 40(5): p. 307.

50. Fenwick, G. and A. Hanley, Allium species poisoning. The Veterinary Record, 1985. 116: p. 28.

51. Fernando, C., Poisoning due to Abrus precatorius (jequirity bean). Anaesthesia, 2001. 56: p. 1178-1180.

52. Flory, W. and C. Hebert, Determination of the oral toxicity of Sesbania drummondii seeds in chickens. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1984. 45(5): p. 955-958.

53. Frank, B.S., et al., Ingestion of Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum). Western Journal of Medicine, 1995. 163: p. 573-574.

54. Furbee, B. and M. Wermuth, Life-Threatening Plant Poisoning. Critical Care Clinics, 1997. 13(4): p. 849-888.

55. Garg, S., et al., Oak (Quercus incana) leaf poisoning in cattle. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1992. 34(2): p. 161-164.

56. Ghisalberti, E., Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Fitoterapia, 2000. 71: p. 467-486.

57. Giannasi, D.E. and D.J. Crawford, Biochemical Systematics II. A Reprise, in Evolutionary Biology. 1986, Plenum Publishing Company. p. 25-246.

58. Goodwin, T.W. and E.I. Mercer, Introduction of Plant Biochemistry. Second ed. 1983, New York: Pergamon Press Inc.

59. Gossinger, H., K. Hruby, and A. Haubenstock, Cardiac arrhythmias in a patient with grayanotoxin-honey poisoning. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1983. 25: p. 328-329.

60. Gunn, C.R., Abrus precatorius: Pretty but poisonous. Science, 1969. 164: p. 245-246.

61. Haas, L.F., Convallaria majalis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1995. 59(4): p. 367.

62. Hanna, J.P., J.W. Schmidley, and W.E. Braselton, Datura Delirium. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 1992. 15(2): p. 109-113.

63. Hansen, A., Two fatal cases of potato poisoning. Science, 1925. 61(1578): p. 340-341.

64. Harborne, J., Introduction of Ecological Biochemistry. Fourth ed. 1996, London: Academic Press. 318.

65. Harper, P., et al., Vetch toxicosis in cattle grazing Vicia villosa ssp dasycarpa and V. benghalensis. Australian Veterinary Journal, 1993. 70(4): p. 140-144.

66. Hart, M., Hazards to Health: Jequirity-Bean Poisoning. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1963. 268(16): p. 885-886.

67. Haynes, B.E., H.A. Bessen, and W.D. Wightman, Oleander tea: herbal draught of death. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1985. 14: p. 350-353.

68. Heilpern, K., Zigadenus poisoning. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1995. 25(2): p. 259-262.

69. Hibbs, C., E. Stencel, and R. Hill, Nitrate toxicosis in cattle. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1978. 20(1): p. 1-2.

70. Hickey, T., et al., Irritant contact dermatitis in humans from phorbol and related esters. Toxicon, 1981. 19(6): p. 841-850.

71. Hightower, C., Plants that kill and cure. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1979. 21(5): p. 360-2.

72. Hill, R. and R. van Heyningen, Ranunculin: The precursor of the vesicant substance of the buttercup. Biochemical Journal, 1951. 49: p. 332-335.

73. Hintz, H., Bracken fern. Equine Practice, 1990. 12(6): p. 6-7.

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75. Hoch, J., Poisonous Plants of South Carolina. Acta Phytotherapeutica, 1969. 16(10): p. 181-184.

76. Holliman, A. and D. Milton, Helleborus foetidus poisoning of cattle. The Veterinary Record, 1990. 127: p. 339-340.

77. Hornfeldt, C., Confusion over toxicity of pointsettia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1989. 194(8): p. 1004.

78. Hornfeldt, C. and J. Collins, Toxicity of nightshade berries (Solanum dulcamara) in mice. Clinical Toxicology, 1990. 28(2): p. 185-192.

79. Howatt, S., The toxicity of tansy ragwort. Weed Technology, 1989. 3(2): p. 436-438.

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90. Keeler, R. and M. Crowe, Teratogenicity and toxicity of wild tree tobacco, Nicotiana glauca in sheep. Cornell Veterinarian, 1984. 74: p. 50-59.

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92. Kerr, L. and W. Kelch, Fatal privet (Ligustrum amurease) toxicosis in Tennessee cows. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1999. 41(6): p. 391-392.

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96. Knight, B., Ricin- a potent homicidal poison. British Medical Journal, 1979: p. 350-351.

97. Knutsen, O. and P. Paszkowski, New aspects in the treatment of water hemlock poisoning. Clinical Toxicology, 1984. 22(2): p. 157-166.

98. Kollef, M., Adult respiratory distress syndrome after smoke inhalation from burning poison ivy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1995. 274(4): p. 359-359.

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110. Linnaberry, R., et al., Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE): perilla ketone as another cause. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1978. 20: p. 325-326.

111. Liu, S., J. Pezzuto, and A. Kinghorn, Additional biologically active constiuents of the chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum). Journal of Natural Products, 1988. 51(3): p. 619-620.

112. Lopez, R., et al., Taxonomical, clinical and pathological findings in moradilla (Lobelia-like) poisoning in sheep. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 1994. 36(3): p. 195-198.

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114. Mancini, S.D. and J.M. Edwards, Cytotoxic principles from the sap of Kalmia latifolia. Journal of Natural Products, 1979. 42(5): p. 483-488.

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160. Scott, I.U. and C.L. Karp, Euphorbia sap keratopathy: four cases and a possible pathogenic mechanism. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1996. 80: p. 823-826.

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164. Shahin, M., et al., Bracken fern carcinogenesis: multiple intravenous doses of activated ptaquiloside induce DNA adducts, monocytosis, increased TNF-alpha levels, and mammary gland carcinoma in rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1998. 244: p. 192-197.

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